Summary of first 4 classes:
Class 1: Introduction – Modern India
Sea routes to India
Bartholomew Diaz – 1487 – Reached till Cape of Good Hope
Colombus – 1491- Reached America
Vasco da Gama – 1498 – Cape of Good Hope – Madagascar – India – Calicut (Present day Kozhikode – Kerala)
Advent of Europeans:
Portuguese:
Vasco da Gama – 1498
Francis de Almeida (1505 – 09) - 1st Governor – Blue water policy.
Afonso de Albuquerque (1509 – 15) – 2nd Governor – Real founder of Portuguese power in India.
Nino da Cunha (1529 – 38) – Afonso de souza (1542 – 45).
Class 2:
Dutch & British:
Cornelis de Houtman – 1st Dutch – new sea route to India – 1596 – Reached Sumatra and Bantam.
Dutch and British defeated Portuguese and Spain in 1588 and came to India in 1602.
Anglo – Dutch Rivalry:
In 1667 – Dutch retired from India and moved to Indonesia
Decline of Dutch – Battle of Bedara – 1759 – British defeated Dutch.
English East India Company: earlier John Company – named after John Mildenhall – 1st British to visit India.
Battle of Surat – Jahangir period – 1612 – British defeated Portuguese.
British provided textiles in return of pepper – Then British made permanent settlements
Anglo – Mughal relations: After 1707 – Aurangazeb – Mughals became weak - more trading rights to British.
Danish East India Company – Denmark – 1616 AD:
Settlements in Bengal – Major aim to promote Christianity in India.
French East India Company – 1664 AD:
1st settlement in Surat – 1666 AD – In 1673 – Quildar of Valikondapuram – city in Pondicherry – center for trade.
After the Portuguese, the Dutch and the Danish people gone out of India, British defeated the French and British became the only ruler.
Class 3:
Carnatic wars:
1. Battle of St. Thome – 1746 - British vs French.
Anglo-French Rivalry led to the war. Nawab of Carnatic Anwaruddin helped British. Nawab army was defeated by the French.
War ended in 1748 – Treaty of Aachen.
2. Battle of Ambur – 1748 – Muzaffar jung vs Anwaruddin.
After the death of Nizam of Hyderabad – Power struggle between Muzaffar hung (grandson) and Nasir Jung (son). Nawab of Carnatic supported Nasir Jung.
This led to the war between Muzaffar Jung (with French support) and Anwaruddin. Anwaruddin died in 1749. French fought and killed Nasir Jung.
Power struggle of Nawabship between Muhammad Ali (Anwaruddin’s son) and Chanda Sahib (son-in-law of former Nawab of Carnatic, Dost Alik Khan).
After Anwaruddin’s death, Muhammad Ali escaped to Trichy. Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic.
Battle of Arcot: British supported Muhammad Ali and Chanda Sahib was killed in the battle.
Muzaffar Jung became Nizam of Hyderabad and Muhammad Ali became the Nawab of Carnatic.
Muzaffar Jung was killed. The French made Salabat Jung (another son of Nizam of Hyderbad) as the Nizam.
War ended in 1754 with Treaty of Pondicherry.
3. Battle of Plassey – 1757 – British vs Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-Ud-Daulah).
Misuse of the trade privileges given to the British by the Nawab of Bengal. Non-payment of tax and duty by the workers of the British. Fortification of Calcutta by the British without the Nawab’s permission.
Siraj-Ud-Daulah arrested and prisoned many British officers. They were kept in Black hole room (Black hole tragedy of Calcutta). 125 British officers died.
These led to the war.
Mir Jafar was bribed by East India Company – Robert Clive to support British army. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was killed.
Battle of Wandawashi – 1760 – British vs French.
Count de Lally (French) attacked British to capture Madras.
However French was defeated by the British. This is because British East India Company is a private company. It made more profit (huge revenue) which then helped the British army. Till 1756 French army was stronger. After 1757, number of French soldiers were 10000 to 11000 but British soldiers were around 15000 to 18000.
War ended in 1763 with Treaty of Paris.
Battle of Buxar – 1764 – British vs Dutch
Mir Jafar – became Bengal Nawab by British – made as puppet of British - realized - British was an important enemy to India.
Mir Jafar helped Dutch to defeat British from Bengal – However Dutch was defeated by British. Mir Jafar was replaced with Mir Qasim.
War ended in 1765 with Treaty of Allahabad.
Diwani rights introduced. – 1765 - 1772
Class 4:
1st Anglo – Mysore war – (1767 – 69)
Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas and East India Company wanted to capture Hyderabad. Hyder Ali with his diplomatic skills separated Nizam of Hyderabad, Marathas and British. This led a war between Hyder Ali and British.
Hyder Ali first captured Pulicat and then Madras – Made a peace agreement – Treaty of Madras in 1769.
Treaty of Madras followed 2 rules:
British should help Hyder Ali during war.
East India Company should not make any alliance with Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas.
But British didn’t follow these rules.
2nd Anglo – Mysore war – (1780 – 84)
British never followed the rules of Treaty of Madras. In 1777, Marathas attacked Hyder Ali with the help of British.
6 small battle won by Hyder Ali.
Battle of Porto Novo – Hyder Ali vs British (Eyrecoote) – 1781 – in Parangipettai – Hyder Ali was defeated.
In 1782 – Hyder Ali died of Cancer.
In 1784 – Tipu Sultan (son of Hyder Ali) – Treaty of Mangalore signed.
Tipu Sultan – Technician trained by French Warfare – Introduced rocket system (missiles) – had contact with French Government.
1789 – Tipu Sultan – standing committee member in Jacobian club.
British came to know this. British Government sent Lord Cornwallis and Lord Wellesley to defeat Tipu Sultan.
3rd Anglo – Mysore war – (1790 – 92) – Tipu Sultan vs British & Travancore
British joined Travancore land conflict with Mysore. This started a war.
British and Travancore defeated Tipu Sultan.
Tipu Sultan had to pay 3.6 crore as war tax.
War ended in 1792 with the Treaty of Srivangapatnam.
4th Anglo – Mysore war – (1792 – 99) – Tipu Sultan vs British
Tipu Sultan – Technician trained by French Warfare – Introduced rocket system (missiles) – had contact with French Government.
Tipu Sultan – standing committee member in Jacobian club. Contacted Napoleon as he opposes British.
British came to know this. British Government sent Lord Cornwallis and Lord Wellesley to defeat Tipu Sultan.
Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed by British in 1799.
1st Anglo – Maratha war – (1775 – 82) - British & Ragunath Rao vs Peshwa
5 confederacy groups in Marathas - Pune (Peshwa), Baroda (Gaekwad), Nagpur (Bhonsle), Indore (Holka) and Gwaliar (scindia).
After the battle in Panipat, Marathas became weak.
Ragunath Rao (belonged to Peshwa) in 1775 supported British. This was opposed by Indore and Gwaliar.
Raghunathrao gave Salsette and Bassein to the British and in return he was given 2500 soldiers.
British and armies of Ragunath Rao attacked Peshwa.
War ended in 1775 with the treaty of Purandhar.
2nd Anglo – Maratha – (1803-05)
Baji Rao II became the Peshwa.
Baji Rao II asked British protection and signed the Treaty of Bassein.
As per this treaty, he gave the territory to the British and agreed to the maintenance of British army.
The Scindias and the Bhonsles did not accept this treaty and this caused the second Anglo-Maratha war in central India in 1803.
Entire Marathas were defeated by British.
Many parts of Central India came under the control of British.
Direct rule slowly emerged.
Governor Generals:
1. Warren Hasting: 1772 – 1785
Abolished dual government in Bengal.
Along with William Jones founded Asiatic society of Bengal.
Introduction to Bhagavad Gita – translated by Charles Wilkins during his period.
2nd Anglo-Mysore war (1780-84) and 1st Anglo-Maratha war (1775-82) are the wars during his period.
2. Lord Cornwallis: 1786 – 1793
Father of Indian Civil Service
Officially introduced ‘Collector’ – to collect revenue.
Introduced Permanent settlement Act – 1793
Imposed 50% tax to Zamindhari system.
Separated revenue and jusdicial department.
3rd Anglo-Mysore war – during his period.
3. Lord Wellesley: 1798 – 1805
Introduced Subsidiary Alliance.
East India Company army – protected Hyderabad states – Since East India Company residents, ministers were a part of Hyderabad.
4. Lord William Bentick: 1828 – 1834
Benevolent Governor General
Abolished Sati with Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1829.
Abolished thugs.
Credits : Leo Subheksha Kumar
