POLITY-CLASS
3
Today’s class started with the continuation
of the salient features of the constitution.
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT:
· It’s a governance system where Executive
should be a part of Legislature.
· The party with the greatest representation in the parliament
(legislature) forms the government.
· Example- India, British etc.
· Indian Legislature – Members of Rajya Sabha+
Members of Lok Sabha+ President of India.
· Separation of power – division of a state's government
into branches,
· Comprises organs of state which are Legislature
(law making), Executive (law enforcing), Judiciary (clearing disputes), Media.
· Article 50 explains separation of Executive
from Judiciary.
PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT:
· Typical example – U.S.A
· In this system, the President is both head of state and government.
· There is clear
separation between legislature and executive.
· Advantage:
Stability in Government.
· No hindrance in
Policy formation.
There are two types of Government:
Federation and Unitary.
· Indian Constitution is federal in nature. But
it has some unitary provisions in it.
· Unitary form of Government: a local
Government’s power can be taken away by a Higher form of Government.
· Santhanam committee, Sarkaria commission –
promote central-state relationship.
FEDERATION – many independent small
states coming together to form a bigger unit.
UNITARY – They are already united. But
for some administrative convenience, they will delegate their power.
FUTURE OF
FEDERALISM:
· Having clearly divided powers. (Division of
power)
· The country should have a written
constitution.
· The existence of an Independent Judiciary.
· Presence of Dual Government (state and union
Government).
· Distribution of power – state list, union list,
concurrent list.
· Supremacy of Constitution.
· A rigid constitution.
· Bicameralism - a system of government in which the legislature comprises two
houses.
Example – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in India.
TYPES OF
FEDERALISM:
1)Symmetrical federalism:
· Symmetric federalism refers to a federal system of government
in which each constituent state inthe federation possesses equal powers.
· Example – United States of America
2)Asymmetrical Federalism:
·
Asymmetrical federalism is found in a
federation where each constituent states possess different and imbalanced
powers.
·
Example – Comparing Jammu and Kashmir
before 2019(had lot of provisions, power) and Tamil Nādu.
3)Cooperative
Federalism:
· The federal and state governments in which both work together
towards a unified goal.
· Example – Abolition of poverty as well as development of
cities can be achieved together by states through cooperative measures.
4)Competitive Federalism:
·
It encourages healthy competition among
states through transparent rankings, in various sectors.
·
Example - NITI Aayog endeavours to
promote competitive federalism by facilitating improved performance of States.
Emergency provision:
·
Article 352 provides “National Emergency”, if there is a
threat to the Indian security. The Union Government can take all the powers
from the state Government and exercise their powers accordingly.
·
Happened from 1975-1977 in India during Indira Gandhi’s
time.
·
Article 356 deals with constitutional emergency-President
rule
·
Article 360 deals with financial emergency.
The 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendment has created a
third type of Government: “Three-tier Government”
CONTENT CREDITS: LEO PRANEETHA
